Determines which pesticides are safe to use for humans & environment.Regulates sale & usage under Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) which mandates the “registration” of all pesticide products.By educating farmers about natural predators and using pesticides sparingly, helped increase crop yields & save $ on pesticide Educating farmers- In Indonesia farmers were spraying fields about 3x a week whether planthopper pest was present or not- made them pesticide resistant.Trap crops- mature before rest of field to attract pests, then sprayed heavily, destroy trap crop to prevent spread to people or “real” crop.Integrated Pest Management (IPM)- use preventative measures to encourage growth & diversity with minimal use of chemical pesticides.Release of artificial hormones can disrupt life cycles (mosquitoes).Release of sterilized males (screwworms).Planting garlic or marigolds can deter pests.Ducks & geese in fields will eat insects & weed seed.Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)- kills beetles & caterpillars.Provide habitat for natural predators (plant trees along edge of farm for birds which will eat bugs & provide windbreak which prevents erosion).Crop rotation keeps pest population low.Valley children age 4-5 repeatedly exposed.Foothills children age 4-5 not exposed to much pesticide.Be familiar with “The Dirty Dozen”- Table on toxin review sheet.Some carcasses have to be treated as toxic waste they are so “infected” with pesticide.Affecting top predators (polar bears, whales, & humans).This happens over & over, “hopping” northward until it collects in polar regions.Many chemicals like chlorinated hydrocarbons evaporate from water & soil in warm areas & condense & precipitate in colder regions.Chronic- cancer, birth defects, degenerative diseases Pest resurgence leads to the use of higher doses or more toxic chemical use.Banned in most countries but persistent in soil & water Persistant organic pollutants (POP’s) are very long lasting and dangerous.Limited useful lifespan- can move far from original application spot (next slide).
Pesticide is killing off natural predators that help control bad populations.Resistant individuals will develop due to natural selection.Insecticide spraying in CA killed salmon.Potato aphid spraying killed migrating robins.Lowers costs and increases crop quality.Farmers save $3-$5 for every $1 they spend on pesticides.If you had to choose between contracting masses of worms that will make you go blind before the age of 30 or a small chance of cancer due to pesticide exposure it you live to 50 or 60, which would you choose?.Which is more important? Protecting people or the environment?.Reduce disease transmission by insect vectors (DDT sprayed to kill mosquitoes & prevent malaria, when stopped in 1964, malaria reappeared immediately).Bacillus thuingiensis (Bt)- kills beetles, caterpillars by destroying their digestive tract.using live organisms or their toxins instead of pesticides.Microbial agents or Biological controls.If bees die, our crop yields will decrease drastically due to lack of pollination.Quickly degrade so much less persistent in environment.Extremely toxic to mammals, birds, & fish.Toxaphene kills goldfish at 5 ppb- one of the highest toxicities for any compound.DDT, chlordane, aldrin, dieldrin, toxaphene, paradichlorobenzene (mothballs),.Used to sterilize soil or deter rodent infestation in stored grain.Become gases easily & penetrate easily.Carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide.May be used on seeds to deter rodents Arsenic poisoning from infected water sources in Bangladesh.Neurotoxin- single dose can cause damage.Types of Pesticidesclassified based on chemical structure DDT is still used in many other countries- especially for control of mosquitoes.¾ of all pesticides are used in Most Developed Countries (MDC) but rates in LDC are on the rise by 7-8%.Indiscriminate & excessive use of pesticides has caused.It was the “magic bullet”- the answer to our prayers… or was it?.High toxicity for target organisms- kills 90% of target organisms in single application.
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